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Averbuch, T, Mohamed, MO, Islam, S, DeFilippis, EM, Breathett, K, Alkhouli, MA, Michos, ED, Martin, GP, Kontopantelis, E, Mamas, MA and Van Spall, HGC (2021) The association between socioeconomic status, sex, race/ethnicity and in-hospital mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure. ISSN 1071-9164
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Abstract
Background The association between socioeconomic status (SES), sex, race/ethnicity and outcomes during hospitalization for heart failure (HF) has not previously been investigated. Methods We analyzed HF hospitalizations in the United States National Inpatient Sample between 2015-2017. Using a hierarchical, multivariable Poisson regression model to adjust for hospital- and patient-level factors, we assessed the association between SES, sex, and race/ethnicity and all-cause in-hospital mortality. We estimated the direct costs (USD) across SES groups. Results Among 4,287,478 HF hospitalizations, 40.8% were in high SES, 48.7% in female, and 70.0% in White patients. Relative to these comparators, low SES (homelessness or lowest quartile of median neighborhood income) (Relative risk [RR] 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.05) and male sex (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.07-1.11) were associated with increased risk, whilst Black (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.76-0.81) and Hispanic (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86-0.93) race/ethnicity were associated with reduced risk of in-hospital death. There were significant interactions between race/ethnicity and both, SES (p<0.01) and sex (p=0.04) such that racial/ethnic differences in outcome were more pronounced in low SES groups and in male patients. The median direct cost of admission was lower in low vs high SES groups ($9324.60 vs $10940.40), female patients vs male patients ($9866.60 vs $10217.10), and Black vs White patients ($9077.20 vs $10019.80). The median costs increased with SES in all demographic groups. Conclusions SES, race/ethnicity, and sex were independently associated with in-hospital mortality during HF hospitalization, highlighting possible care disparities. Racial/ethnic differences in outcome were more pronounced in low SES groups and in male patients.
Item Type: | Article |
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Additional Information: | The final version of this article and all relevant information related to it, including copyrights, can be found online via the publisher website at; https://www.onlinejcf.com/article/S1071-9164(21)00394-8/fulltext#%20 |
Subjects: | R Medicine > R Medicine (General) R Medicine > RC Internal medicine R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC666 Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system |
Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > School of Medicine |
Related URLs: | |
Depositing User: | Symplectic |
Date Deposited: | 09 Nov 2021 15:03 |
Last Modified: | 07 Oct 2022 01:30 |
URI: | https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/10247 |