Keele Research Repository

Background. Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are considered dopaminergic treatment side effects. Cognitive and affective factors may increase the risk of ICD in PD.
Aims. To investigate risky decision-making and associated cognitive processes in PD patients with ICDs within a four-stage conceptual framework. Relationship between ICDs and affective factors was explored.
Methods. Thirteen PD patients with ICD (ICD+), 12 PD patients without ICD (ICD-) and 17 healthy controls were recruited. Overall risky decision-making and negative feedback effect were examined with The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). A cognitive battery dissected decision-making processes according to the four-stages conceptual framework. Affective and motivational factors were measured.
Results. ANOVA showed no effect of group on overall risky decision-making. However, there was a group x feedback interaction [F (2, 39) = 3.31, p = 0.047]. ICD+, unlike ICD- and healthy controls, failed to reduce risky behaviour following negative feedback. A main effect of group was found for anxiety and depression [F(2, 38) = 8.31, p = 0.001], with higher symptoms in ICD+ vs. healthy controls. Groups did not differ in cognitive outcomes or affective and motivational metrics.
Conclusions. ICD+ may show relatively preserved cognitive function, but reduced sensitivity to negative feedback during risky decision-making and higher symptoms of depression and anxiety.