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Clastic injectites, internal structures and flow regime during injection: The Sea Lion Injectite System, North Falkland Basin

Dodd, TJH; McCarthy, DJ; Clarke, S

Clastic injectites, internal structures and flow regime during injection: The Sea Lion Injectite System, North Falkland Basin Thumbnail


Authors

TJH Dodd

DJ McCarthy



Abstract

This paper details and describes a suite of 143 sub-seismic-scale clastic injectites encountered within the early Cretaceous, early post-rift of the deep-lacustrine North Falkland Basin. The injectites, referred to here as the Sea Lion Injectite System, are encountered below, above and in between the hydrocarbon-bearing, deep-lacustrine turbidite sandstones of the Bleaker 15, Sea Lion North, Sea Lion, Casper and Beverley fans. Sedimentary structures are documented within the injectites including: planar laminations, mud-clast imbrication and clast alignment. Clasts align along centimetre-scale foresets formed through ripple-scale bedform migration in a hydraulically-open fracture. The style of flow within the injectite system is interpreted as initially through fluid turbulence during an open fracture phase, which was followed by a later stage where laminar flow dominated, most likely during the closing phase of the fracture system. The host rocks display evidence for ductile deformation, which along with ptygmatic folding of dykes and internally injected mud-clasts, suggests a period of injection into relatively uncompacted sediments. Evidence for brittle fracturing, in the form of stepped margins may be indicative of a separate phase of emplacement into more-compacted sediments. This variability in deformation styles is related to multi-phased injection episodes into host strata at different stages of consolidation and lithification at shallow burial depths. Injectites have been identified in four stratigraphic groupings: above the Bleaker 15 Fan and within/above the Sea Lion North Fan; within the hydrocarbon-bearing Sea Lion Fan; overlying the Sea Lion Fan; and above/below the hydrocarbon-bearing Casper and Beverley fans. This spatial association with the hydrocarbon-bearing fans of the North Falkland Basin is important, considering the ability of injectite networks to form effective fluid-flow conduits in the subsurface. Consequently, the findings of this study will improve the characterization of sub-seismic scale injectites (and therefore fluid conduits) within otherwise impermeable strata.

Acceptance Date Oct 3, 2019
Publication Date Nov 1, 2019
Publicly Available Date Mar 29, 2024
Journal Sedimentology
Print ISSN 0037-0746
Publisher Wiley
DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12672
Keywords Clastic injectites, Internal structures, Ripple cross-lamination, Fluid connectivity, Deep-lacustrine, North Falkland Basin
Publisher URL https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12672

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