Emma R. Beasor
A new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants
Beasor, Emma R.; Davies, Ben; Smith, Nathan; Van Loon, Jacco Th; Gehrz, Robert D.; Figer, Donald F.
Authors
Abstract
Evolutionary models have shown the substantial effect that strong mass-loss rates ($\dotM$s) can have on the fate of massive stars. Red supergiant (RSG) mass-loss is poorly understood theoretically, and so stellar models rely on purely empirical $\dotM$–luminosity relations to calculate evolution. Empirical prescriptions usually scale with luminosity and effective temperature, but $\dotM$ should also depend on the current mass and hence the surface gravity of the star, yielding more than one possible $\dotM$ for the same position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. One can solve this degeneracy by measuring $\dotM$ for RSGs that reside in clusters, where age and initial mass (Minit) are known. In this paper we derive $\dotM$ values and luminosities for RSGs in two clusters, NGC 2004 and RSGC1. Using newly derived Minit measurements, we combine the results with those of clusters with a range of ages and derive an Minit-dependent $\dotM$ prescription. When comparing this new prescription to the treatment of mass-loss currently implemented in evolutionary models, we find models drastically overpredict the total mass-loss, by up to a factor of 20. Importantly, the most massive RSGs experience the largest downward revision in their mass-loss rates, drastically changing the impact of wind mass-loss on their evolution. Our results suggest that for most initial masses of RSG progenitors, quiescent mass-loss during the RSG phase is not effective at removing a significant fraction of the H-envelope prior to core-collapse, and we discuss the implications of this for stellar evolution and observations of SNe and SN progenitors.
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Jan 19, 2020 |
Online Publication Date | Feb 5, 2020 |
Publication Date | 2020-03 |
Journal | Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
Print ISSN | 0035-8711 |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 492 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 5994 - 6006 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa255 |
Keywords | stars: evolution; stars: massive; stars: mass-loss; supergiants; galaxies: clusters: individual |
Publisher URL | https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa255 |
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